Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal

Full Research Paper Food Biotechnology

Investigation of characteristics of alginate film containing probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum for sliced sausages coating

Dina Shahrampour; Morteza Khomeiri; Seyed Mohammad Ali Razavi; Mahboobeh Kashiri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 May 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2022.75042.1143

Abstract

Introduction: Due to the low variety of probiotic food products, it is important to provide appropriate solutions for new products. Trapping probiotic bacteria in the polymers structure of edible films and coatings is a new approach that has been proposed to increase the survival of these microorganisms ... Read More Introduction: Due to the low variety of probiotic food products, it is important to provide appropriate solutions for new products. Trapping probiotic bacteria in the polymers structure of edible films and coatings is a new approach that has been proposed to increase the survival of these microorganisms and to develop new probiotic products in the food industry.Materials and Methods: In this study, an alginate-based probiotic bioactive film containing L. plantarum was fabricated. The effect of bacterial addition on physical, mechanical and prevention properties of alginate film was evaluated. In addition, the effect of two temperatures 4 ° C and 25 ° C on the survival of embedded probiotic bacterium in the film structure during one month of storage was investigated by microbial count assay on MRS agar medium. Then, the model food was covered with probiotic film and the survival of probiotic bacterium during food storage was determined.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the population decline of probiotic bacterium after drying of alginate film solution was about 4.61%. Addition of probiotic bacterium to the alginate film increased the thickness, turbidity, and tensile strength of the film, While on solubility, water activity, Elongation(%) and microstructure of alginate film had no significant effect. In addition, the probiotic film containing bacteria had less luminosity, moisture content and water vapor permeability (WVP) than the control film. The survival percentage of L. plantarum in alginate film after one month of storage at 4 ° C was higher than 25 ° C and 96.84 and 47.29%, respectively. Also, the population of embedded bacteria in the film structure on the food model (sausage) surface after three weeks storage in refrigeration was in desired level of probiotic products (> 106 cfu / gr).Conclusion: Therefore, alginate film is recommended as a suitable carrier for probiotic microorganisms to produce new functional products.

Full Research Paper Food Chemistry

Production of reduced fat mayonnaise Using stabilized nano emulsion with casein complex Pickerings and Shirazi Gadomeh gum

Atena Modiri Dovom; Akram Arianfar; Sara Naji-Tabasi; Vahid Hakimzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 February 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.80077.1227

Abstract

Introduction: Mayonnaise is one of the products which is widely used in most countries. This product, apart from the taste Desirable as a seasoning It creates in food, an effective role in providing nutrients And it has the necessary energy for humans. dietary mayonnaise, The food product is semi-solid ... Read More Introduction: Mayonnaise is one of the products which is widely used in most countries. This product, apart from the taste Desirable as a seasoning It creates in food, an effective role in providing nutrients And it has the necessary energy for humans. dietary mayonnaise, The food product is semi-solid or liquid that from emulsification Fat substitutes and vegetable oils With vinegar and other additives are prepared And has less energy and fat It consists of mayonnaise and salad dressing. Fat has the most calories (9 kcal/g) compared to Protein and carbohydrates (4 kcal/g) provides.Mayonnaise is an oil-in-water emulsion And due to having high amounts of fat It causes cardiovascular diseases It is found in consumers. If used from lower amounts of oil To create texture Suitable for use Thickeners It occurs in mayonnaise Gums are part of Construction formula are Most sauces. Due to the great desire To consume low-fat products And also the wide use of this sauce Production of low-fat mayonnaise is important. The purpose of this research Production of reduced fat mayonnaise Using stabilized nano emulsion It is with casein complex Pickering and Gadomeh Shirazi gum.materials and methods : Mayonnaise with reduced oil Contains 30, 40 and 50 percent Pickering emulsion replacement oil respectively at the level of 42, 32 and 22 percent produced and compared with the control sample. Centrifugal and time stability tests, Textural features, Color characteristics, morphology, Organoleptic properties Sauce samples were evaluated.Results and Discussion : The results showed As the replacement percentage increases Nano emulsion containing Pickering particles and reducing the percentage of fat in mayonnaise Emulsion stability She found her mayonnaise sauce Although at a replacement level of 30% nano emulsion, this decrease in stability was not significant(P<0.05). In the time stability test Low-fat mayonnaise with an increase in the percentage of nano emulsion replacement, After 90 days significant difference between the control sample and mayonnaise No significant difference was observed with oil reduced by 30 and 40%. In the colorimetry test It showed that among the factors L*. a*. b Statistically with the sample There was a significant difference.(P≤0/05). brightness In the witness sample, it was 48/85 In connection with RFM50% The least complex of particles Gadomeh Shirazi gum and casein protein and in relation to RFM30% The most complex of particles Gadomeh Shirazi gum and casein were used. Due to the presence of nanoemulsion Contains complex particles Gadomeh Shirazi gum particles and protein. The brightness has decreased In general, from the RFM50% sampleUp to RFM 30% samples simultaneous with increasing amount of nanoemulsion and reduce the amount of fat The brightness is reduced.Conclusion: By replacing the nano emulsion and reducing the amount of fat in the structure of the sauce The amount of tissue stiffness decreased and pheneritis increased. The sensory test of the samples showed, The witness sample has the most general acceptance But there is a significant difference between the samples There was no reduced-fat mayonnaise with the control. Investigating the characteristics of mayonnaise with Reduced fat using Nanoemulsion stabilized with Complex Pickerings Casein and Shirazi Gadomeh gum The results showed that with the increase Reduce the amount of oil up to 30%, Sensory and texture characteristics in a meaningful way decreased. But oil reduction up to 50% in the presence of Pickering nanoemulsion Preserve textural features and promoted in some cases. All emulsions produced of favorable stability During storage and centrifugation had. Best stability in control and sample RFM-30% was observed. Based on the results, Use of nanoemulsion Maintains quality characteristics Mayonnaise with oil Especially reduced In the sample RFM 30%, it was.Also note to the point that Pickering emulsion structure In the digestive system High stability against digestion, is hope Pickering nanoemulsion structure in the production of food products Various low-fat items be investigated further.

Full Research Paper Food Biotechnology

Comparison of the effect of sodium nitrite and nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis with maltodextrin-sodium caseinate combined coating in controlling oxidative and microbial spoilage of common sausage

Soheyl Reyhani Poul; sakineh Yeganeh; Reza Safari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 April 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.78749.1202

Abstract

Introduction: One of the synthetic and harmful preservatives used in sausage is sodium nitrite. Sodium nitrite in meat products helps to increase the storage period and marketability of the product by preventing the growth of anaerobic bacteria, especially clostridiums, exerting an antioxidant effect, ... Read More Introduction: One of the synthetic and harmful preservatives used in sausage is sodium nitrite. Sodium nitrite in meat products helps to increase the storage period and marketability of the product by preventing the growth of anaerobic bacteria, especially clostridiums, exerting an antioxidant effect, stabilizing the red color of the meat and improving the taste. Besides these benefits, sodium nitrite is very dangerous for health and it can cause malignant diseases. For this reason, it is necessary to replace this substance with a natural preservative. Pigments extracted from aquatics such as astaxanthin with antioxidant activity, antimicrobial properties and pink color may be a good substitute for sodium nitrite. But these pigments must be nanoencapsulated first due to their sensitivity to food production conditions, including high temperature. The aim of the current research at the first is to extract astaxanthin from Haematococcus microalgae by acid-acetone method and pigment nanoencapsulation with maltodextrin-caseinate combination coating. Then, the nanocapsules produced with different proportions will replace sodium nitrite in the sausage formulation, and oxidative and microbial spoilage tests, color and sensory evaluation will be performed for different treatments.Materials and Methods: First, astaxanthin pigment was extracted from Haematococcus microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) using acid-acetone technique. Then, the extracted pigment was nanoencapsulated with maltodextrin-sodium caseinate combined coating and the resulting nanocapsules in the form of treatments A (120 mg/kg sodium nitrite), B (120 mg/kg nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin), C (90 mg/kg sodium nitrite+30 mg/kg nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin), D (60 mg/kg sodium nitrite+60 mg/kg nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin) and E (30 mg/kg sodium nitrite+90 mg/kg nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin) replaced sodium nitrite in the sausage formulation. These treatments were evaluated in terms of oxidative spoilage, microbial spoilage, color indices and sensory properties during 28 days of storage at refrigerator temperature along with the control (without sodium nitrite and nanocapsules). This research was conducted in a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and the difference between the means was evaluated by Duncan's test at 95% confidence level. Results and Discussion: According to the results, the lowest levels of thiobarbituric acid and peroxide value during the storage period were related to B, E and D (p>0.05) treatments (p<0.05). A and C treatments had no significant difference in terms of thiobarbituric acid and peroxide until day 14 (p>0.05), but with the passage of time this difference became significant and treatment A showed higher values (p<0.05). The results of this section showed that the power of astaxanthin in controling with oxidative spoilage is significantly greater than that of sodium nitrite, and if the purpose is only to control this type of spoilage, there is no need to replace or use sodium nitrite. The results showed that in the field of controlling microbial spoilage, sodium nitrite has more power than nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin. So that, the lowest amount of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and the most standardized pH were related to treatments A, C and D (p>0.05) during the storage period (p<0.05). B and E Treatments (p>0.05) were ranked next (p<0.05). The results of this section showed that if from 120 mg/kg sodium nitrite to 60 mg/kg is replaced with astaxanthin carrying nanocapsules in the sausage formulation, the resulting product has the same antimicrobial power as product containing 120 mg/kg sodium nitrite. Evaluation of the color and sensory properties of treatments showed that A, C and D treatments are at a higher level than treatments B and E and the control in terms of color indices and general acceptance (p<0.05). Comparison of the color and sensory properties of the treatments on days 0 and 28 of storage at refrigerator temperature showed that the color and sensory indices remained constant in the formulated treatments, unlike the control.Conclusions: Nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin with combined maltodextrin-sodium caseinate coating as a natural product with many properties in health, control and prevention of various diseases, have a high efficiency to replace the harmful sodium nitrite preservative in sausage formulation. So that, if 30 to 60 mg/kg of the permissible limit of 120 mg/kg of sodium nitrite in the sausage formulation is replaced with nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin, the resulting product will be similar to the product containing 120 mg/kg of sodium nitrite in terms of shelf life, resistance to oxidative and microbial spoilage, color indices and sensory evaluation.

Full Research Paper Food Technology

Improving the nutritional properties and reducing the absorption of donut oil using saponinized quinoa flour

Akram Arianfar; Mahtab Moradnia; Zahra Sheikholeslami; Ali Mohamadi Sani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 April 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.78044.1195

Abstract

Introduction: Donut is a type of sweet fried snack that was produced as fermented and deep fried. The deliciousness and high energy of the donut has made it very popular among sweet products made from wheat flour. The lack of wheat and its sensitivity to changes in weather conditions as well as bad economic ... Read More Introduction: Donut is a type of sweet fried snack that was produced as fermented and deep fried. The deliciousness and high energy of the donut has made it very popular among sweet products made from wheat flour. The lack of wheat and its sensitivity to changes in weather conditions as well as bad economic conditions in recent years requires that research in the field of replacing wheat flour with other grains. Quinoa is a rich source of protein (the essential amino acids lysine, methionine, cysteine, and threonine), magnesium, fiber, vitamin B, potassium, and other minerals such as iron. Quinoa seeds have less starch than other grains (wheat, barley, corn, and rice). The value of dietary fiber in quinoa is much more in comparison to other grains, it had about 31% insoluble fiber. Also, as a source of phytoestrogens, it prevents cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and osteoporosis. The main problem with quinoa used for human food is the presence of saponin in the outer shell of the seed. Saponins are considered anti-nutritional agents due to their hemolytic activity on red blood cells, bitterness, foaming ability, and inhibition of enzymes. Therefore, the most important step for using quinoa in food products is to remove saponin. The other problem with using saponin is too bitter hence causing bloating and heartburn. Ths study aimed to choose the best saponinization method from quinoa and the possibility of using the saponinization quinoa instead of wheat in donut formulation and investigated the quality, texture, and sensory properties of the donuts.Materials of methods: The methods for saponin removal include (maceration, microwave, ultrasound, wet method, and a combination of wet and dry method) were compared. Donuts were produced with quinoa flour at two levels of 20 and 40%. The Fiber, ash, and protein values of wheat flour, saponinized quinoa flour, and donuts with different levels of saponinized quinoa flour were measured. The effect of replacement wheat flour whit saponinized quinoa flour on oil absorption, texture, SEM, and sensory properties of donuts evaluated.Results and Discussion: A comparison between different methods of saponinization indicated that the ultrasound method had the minimum efficiency in saponin removal and the highest amount of saponin removal was in the wet and dry combined method, followed by the maceration method. The difference between the combined method and massage was not significant and had the most influence in extracting saponin from quinoa flour. Of course, the massage method is important from the point of view of the economy due to the long time of the process and the production of a lot of waste water so this method had the loss of nutrients in the quinoa. The highest amount of protein, fiber, and ash was obtained in saponinized quinoa flour and a donut containing 40% quinoa flour. The amount of firmness, elasticity, SEM, and sensory properties in the sample with 20% quinoa flour had similar characteristics to the control sample, but increasing the amount of quinoa flour reduced these factors. The oil absorption percentage in donuts containing 40% quinoa flour was higher than in other samples. The results of using saponinized quinoa flour on the sensory characteristics (color crust and crumbs, taste, smell, texture and overall acceptance) of donuts showed that donut with 20% quinoa was similar to the control sample and was acceptable for panelists but increased the concentration up to 40% wasn’t pleasant. Conclusion: In this study, the saponinized quinoa flour used in donut formulation to increase the nutritional value and reduced the calories of donuts also overcame the challenges of wheat shortage. The saponinization methods were compared to choose the method with the highest saponin removal. Then donut with saponinized quinoa flour was prepared. The use of saponinized quinoa flour instead of wheat flour increased the nutritional value of donuts. Adding saponinized quinoa flour to the donuts formulation significantly declined the oil absorptions. Generally, the donuts containing saponinized quinoa flour had relatively similar sensory properties to the donuts with wheat flour (commercial donuts). Therefore, it seems that saponinized quinoa flour could be used successfully to improve the nutritional value of donuts and also consumers' acceptance.

Full Research Paper Food Engineering

Evaluation the performance of drying efficiency and energy efficiency of a solar dryer quipped with phase change materials and air recirculation system

Mohaddese Ahmadi; Hadi Samimi Akhijahani; Payman Salami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 May 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.79695.1218

Abstract

IntroductionSolar energy is one of the sources of renewable energy that can be used in both buildings, industry and agriculture in the form of heat or electrical energy. According to previous researches, energy consumption in the world is doubling every 20 years. However, the use of renewable energy ... Read More IntroductionSolar energy is one of the sources of renewable energy that can be used in both buildings, industry and agriculture in the form of heat or electrical energy. According to previous researches, energy consumption in the world is doubling every 20 years. However, the use of renewable energy is still less than fossil fuels, which has caused environmental problems in the world. In recent decades, the tendency to use renewable energy, especially solar energy, has increased. A significant portion of the world's energy (about 30%) is spent on agriculture, and about 3.62% is used to dry agricultural products (Iranmanesh et al, 2020). However, thermal and drying efficiency of the solar collectors are not in acceptable range. Applying different ways to improve the performance of solar dryers such as using thermal energy storage system, air recirculation mechanism and using dessican system. In this paper, phase change materials were placed vertically in consecutive rows at different distances inside the collector and the thermal performance of the collector was investigated. Also, the drying process of Oleaster were evaluated using PCM and air recirculation system. Materials and methodsThe indirect solar dryer used in this study includes the chassis, flat plate collector, electric fan, drying cabinet, pipes containing PCM and sensors. 25 copper tubes containing PCM are placed on the absorber plate with fixed intervals. The insulated cabinet of the dryer has three trays. A 220 volt 60 W electric fan is placed in the inlet of the collector and cuses to flow air inside the system. The process of drying Oleaster in a solar dryer was carried out for 9 consecutive days in August 1401. The drying process was performed at three positions of PCM pipes at 5, 10 and 15 cm intervals with air flow rate of 0.5, 1 and 2 m/s. The drying kinetics of Oleaster was investigated using seven mathematical models considering drying time and related constants. The selected model is selected based on the degree of fit (the highest R2 and the lowest RMSE) on the experimental data. Thermal efficiency was calculated according to ASHRAE standard 2003 (Eltawil et al., 2018). Moreover to determine the drying efficiency the amount of energy required to heat the dryer and the product and extract water from the Oleaster and the total energy (electrical and thermal) input to the dryer was considered. SCE is defined as the energy required to dry one kilogram of the product. Results and discussionThe drying time of the product by dryer is reduced from 2.09 to 4.16% on average by changing the position of PCM from 5 cm to 15 cm. On the other hand, with the increase of air velocity from 0.5 to 2 m/s, the drying time decreased from 8.32% to 16.64%. Henderson and Pabis model was the best model to describe and define the drying process of senjad with solar dryer. The curves of drying rate against the time in different conditions illustrated that in the initial stage of drying of samples. The amount of moisture evaporation is high due to the high water content in Oleaster, and a major part of the drying process took place in this period. The value of SEC for the dryer without PCM was 4.26 MJ/kg, while for the case with PCM, it was 2.04 MJ/kg with a distance of 15 cm. By increasing the distance between the tubes, the drying efficiency increases due to the reduction of drying time and energy consumption. In this case, the consumption of electrical energy by the fan (for fluid flow in the dryer and collector) and the thermal energy input to the dryer are reduced. However, with the increase of air speed from 1 m/s to m/s2, there is a significant reduction in drying efficiency. The highest drying efficiency was 36.72% and the lowest was 25.65% for distance 15 cm, air velocity of 1 m/s and distance 5 cm, air speed 2 m/s, respectively. Drying efficiency was improved by at least 12% using PCM.ConclusionIn this research, the analysis of the thermal process in the solar dryer system in three positions of the tubes containing PCM inside the flat plate collector for the distances of 5, 10 and 15 cm between the tubes at three air velocities of 0.5, 1 and 2 m/s was investigated. Using the return flow system and the phase changing material at the same time improved the thermal efficiency of the flat plate collector by 19.12%.

Full Research Paper

The effect of foliar application of silicon fertilizer on some qualitative traits and mineral compositions of ‘Barhee’ date fruit under soil salinity conditions

Rahman Yousefi; Mohammadreza Pourghayoumi; Seyyed Samih Marashi; Ali Ghasemi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.81372.1239

Abstract

AbstractIntroduction: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is one of the most important horticultural products in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. In the recent years salinity stress negatively affected date fruit quality. The silicon is one of the useful nutrients that plays an important role in the growth ... Read More AbstractIntroduction: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is one of the most important horticultural products in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. In the recent years salinity stress negatively affected date fruit quality. The silicon is one of the useful nutrients that plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. Silicon reduces the adverse effects of abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity by affecting the leaf and stem growth, and other plant mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effect of foliar application of silicon on some qualitative characteristics and nutrient elements contents of date fruit that grown under high soil salinity conditions.Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 7 treatments and 3 replicates in two consecutive years. Silicon foliar spray treatments contains, without application of foliar spraying (T1), foliar spraying with a concentration of 0.1% in two stages (T2), foliar spraying with a concentration of 0.1% in three stages (T3), foliar spraying with a concentration of 0.2% in two stages (T4), foliar spraying with a concentration of 0.2% in three stages (T5), foliar spraying with a concentration of 0.3% in two stages (T6) and foliar spraying with a concentration of 0.3% in three stages (T7). Fruit quality characteristics including total soluble solids (TSS), acidity (TA), pH and total sugar percentage and concentration of fruit nutrients were measured and statistically analyzed.Results and Discussion: Foliar application of silicon fertilizer significantly increased TSS of ‘Barhee’ date fruits while it decreased pH of fruit juice. Fruit acidity and total sugar were not affected significantly by foliar application of silicon. The application of silicon significantly increased the contents of potassium, calcium, iron and zinc in date fruit, but it had no significant effect on the concentration of phosphorus in the fruit. Overall, foliar application of silicon fertilizer with a concentration of 0.3% in two stages (three weeks before pollination and at the end of the Hababook stage) improved quality characteristics and the nutrient elements of ‘Barhee’ date fruit under high soil salinity conditions.Keywords: Acidity, Iron, Potassium, Total soluble solids, Total sugar

Full Research Paper Food Chemistry

Investigation of thermal stability of sunflower and olive triacylglycerols under the influence of gallic acid and methyl gallate

Mozhgan Akbari; Reza Farhoosh; M. Moinfard

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.80273.1228

Abstract

IntroductionToday, many edible oils such as palms, corn, soybeans and sunflowers are used in food preparation. Essential oleic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids, found abundantly in olive, sunflower and soybean oils, respectively, play an important role in maintaining health. Antioxidant compounds ... Read More IntroductionToday, many edible oils such as palms, corn, soybeans and sunflowers are used in food preparation. Essential oleic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids, found abundantly in olive, sunflower and soybean oils, respectively, play an important role in maintaining health. Antioxidant compounds are used to increase the shelf life of oils, which are classified into two groups of natural and synthetic antioxidants based on the source of production. Phenolic acids are a subset of a large group of phenolic compounds that are used as natural antioxidants in industry. Gallic acid is much stronger than protocatchuic acid due to its three hydroxyl groups. However, the presence of more than three hydroxyl groups does not seem to increase the antioxidant effect in oily systems. The position of the hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring also affects the antioxidant activity, so that the replacement of the hydroxyl group in the ortho and para position increases the antioxidant activity of phenolic acids. Methyl gallate, which is widely found in plants and polyphenolic secondary metabolites, is a natural antioxidant. Despite efforts to date, no suitable natural antioxidant has been proposed to control the thermal oxidation of oils at high temperatures. Therefore, due to the widespread use of oils in food, the thermal stability of natural antioxidants gallic acid and methyl-gallate compared to the powerful but synthetic antioxidant TBHQ, depending on the degree of satiety of the lipid system (sunflower oil and olive oil) and 80 degrees Celsius will be evaluated in this study.Material and MethodsSamples of sunflower and olive oil were purchased from local stores. All chemicals and solvents were provided by Merck and Charlot. Sunflower and olive oil were purified by column chromatography to remove natural antioxidants. Oxidation of purified sunflower oil (1 g per oil) in the presence of a concentration level of gallic acid, methyl gallate and TBHQ (1.2 μmol / g) in glass bottles. The rate of progression of oxidative reactions and the evaluation of oil quality during temperature application is possible by measuring the peroxide number. The carbonyl number is determined using 2-propanol as solvent and 2,4 decodenal as standard and absorbance at 420 nm. The effect of antioxidants (InH) on the oxidation of the test samples can be measured based on the kinetic parameters. These parameters are stability factor F, ORR oxidation rate ratio, activity A and average consumption of WInH antioxidants.Results and DiscussionThe minimum and maximum induction times are related to the control sample and the sample containing the synthetic antioxidant TBHQ, respectively, which, considering the position of the two hydroxyl groups in the para position relative to each other in the TBHQ molecule, make this antioxidant stronger. Justifies. At 80 ° C and in sunflower oil, the antioxidant methyl gallate shows a more effective stability factor (F) and antioxidant activity (A), indicating greater antioxidant power than gallic acid. Similarly, F-ORR-A values in methylgalate treatment have a significant effectiveness compared to other treatments. The higher oxidative stability of olive oil against sunflower oils can be attributed to the small amounts of oleic acid and especially the small amounts of linolenic acid in olives. Stability factor (F), is significantly higher for the TBHQ antioxidant than the values obtained for the other two. This factor is affected by the induction period of antioxidants and can be expected due to the effectiveness of antioxidants in increasing the duration of the induction period. The highest value obtained for the ORR oxidation rate parameter, is related to the antioxidant gallic acid. The parameter of antioxidant activity A, in TBHQ is higher than the other two antioxidants. Measurement of carbonyl compounds resulting from the decomposition of hydroperoxides is a good measure of the rate of development of oxidative reactions. In the treatment of gallic acid and TBHQ, the changes in the carbonyl number decrease at the end of the annealing, which is probably due to the decomposition of carbonyl compounds and the production of polymer compounds. Which cannot be measured by carbonyl number test.ConclusionBetter efficacy of gallic acid compared to methyl gallate in olive oil and better efficacy of methyl gallate compared to gallic acid in sunflower oil at 80 ° C show the composition of fatty acids, the nature of lipid systems and the position of antioxidants in the reaction medium. , Have a great effect on improving the performance of antioxidants. Determination of oxidative stability based on carbonyl number shows similar results to peroxide number .

Full Research Paper Food Technology

Investigating the effect of ozone on the physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties of brined ultrafiltered cheese during ripening

Aliakbar Gholamhosseinpour; Ali Karimi Davijani; Mostafa Karami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.81663.1244

Abstract

Introduction: Cheese is the general name of a group of fermented dairy products that are produced all over the world in a variety of flavours, textures, and shapes. This product contains various proteins, minerals, and vitamins, all of which add to its high nutritional quality. White-brined cheeses are ... Read More Introduction: Cheese is the general name of a group of fermented dairy products that are produced all over the world in a variety of flavours, textures, and shapes. This product contains various proteins, minerals, and vitamins, all of which add to its high nutritional quality. White-brined cheeses are soft cheeses that ripen in brine. Today, brined ultrafiltered cheese, as a popular product, has allocated a broad consumer market in our country. The use of thermal processes to prolong the shelf life of foods has long been considered, but these methods lead to a decrease in nutritional value and product quality. Emerging non-thermal technologies, including ultrasound, pulsed electric field, high hydrostatic pressure, cold plasma and ozone have revolutionized the food processing sector. These processes can improve the safety and quality of food products and increase their shelf life by reducing food spoilage. In addition to increasing food storage time, these technologies are expanding in the industry due to reduced energy consumption. Ozone is one of the most effective disinfectants known that does not leave any dangerous residue on food or other surfaces in contact with it. Ozone treatment does not require heat and therefore saves energy. Ozonation, as a novel technology, is widely used in preserving meat, processing oysters, inhibiting microbial growth, and oxidizing phenolic compounds. Ozone has been mainly used in the dairy industry to reduce or inhibit the growth of pathogenic or spoilage microorganisms, in contrast, its effect on the non-microbial properties of dairy products has not been studied much.Materials and methods: Cheese production was carried out by ultrafiltration technology in the Hamedan Pegah dairy complex (Hamedan, Iran). The starter culture used in cheese production was R708 (containing Lactococcus lactis subsp. Cremoris and Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis), which was obtained from Christian Hansen, Denmark. Microbial renin enzyme (Proteria, Handry company, Belgium) was also used for coagulation. Analytical grade chemicals were also purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. Ozone gas at concentrations of 2 and 5 ppm was used in different stages of brined ultrafiltered cheese production and then the samples were subjected to physicochemical (total solids (TS), ash, pH, salt, protein, fat, acid degree value (ADV)), microbiological and organoleptic (based on the 5-point hedonic scale) analyses at 35-day intervals during a ripening period of 105 days. Ozone treatments were: Ozonization of concentrate simultaneously with starter inoculation (OA), Ozonization of concentrate before starter inoculation (OB), Ozonization of concentrate (before starter inoculation) and brine (OC), Ozonization of brine (OD) and control (C). Statistical analysis (One-way ANOVA and Duncan) was performed at a significance level of 95% by the SPSS package program (v. 20.0, Chicago, IL, USA).Results and discussion: Based on the results, the amounts of total solids, ash, salt, ADV and syneresis of cheeses increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), while the protein and fat contents of the samples decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) during the ripening period. The pH of the samples decreased from day 0 to 35 and then increased in most samples until the end of the ripening period. The total counts in the samples increased initially until day 70 but then decreased until the end of the ripening period. In general, during the ripening, cheeses treated with 5 ppm ozone had lower microbial load and higher lipolysis compared to samples treated with 2 ppm ozone. In addition, in most treatments, the sensory scores of cheeses at the end of the ripening period were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than those at the beginning of the ripening period. Although the use of ozone treatment was able to improve some of the sensory properties of the cheeses, in general, this increase was not significant compared to the control, especially at the end of the ripening period.The positive microbial and physicochemical effects of ozone treatment on cheese samples increased the shelf life of brine cheese up to 105 days (30 days more than usual) without having a negative effect on its sensory properties. Therefore, ozone can be used as a non-thermal treatment to increase shelf life and improve some physicochemical characteristics of cheese.

Full Research Paper Food Engineering

Influence of k-Carrageenan on whey protein isolate cold-set emulsion filled gel: A rheological and mechanical study

Mohammad Reza Salahi; Seyed Mohammad Ali Razavi; Mohebbat Mohebbi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.81976.1251

Abstract

Introduction: Emulsion-filled gel is a sort of gel system that traps oil droplets as a filler and contains a wide range of semi-solid to solid food products. They can also be utilized as a dual system to distribute and control the release of both lipophilic and hydrophilic bioactive and micronutrient ... Read More Introduction: Emulsion-filled gel is a sort of gel system that traps oil droplets as a filler and contains a wide range of semi-solid to solid food products. They can also be utilized as a dual system to distribute and control the release of both lipophilic and hydrophilic bioactive and micronutrient substances. The main polymers involved in gel formation in food products are proteins and polysaccharides. Using molecular interactions between biopolymers, a wide range of rheological and physicochemical properties of gels can be methodically created. As a result, the interaction between proteins and polysaccharides has received a lot of attention in order to generate novel products. Because of their functional qualities and high nutritional value, whey proteins are frequently used in the food industry. As a result, mixed gels based on whey protein have gained a lot of attention. k-Carrageenan is commonly utilized in the food industry as a gelling and firming agent. Because k-Carrageenan, like whey protein isolate, can form a gel independently, its interaction with whey protein isolate in emulsion gel systems appears appealing. Therefore, in this study, the effect of k-Carrageenan gum (0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7%) on the textural (uniaxial compression test), rheological (steady shear, strain sweep, and frequency sweep tests), and water holding capacity of cold-set emulsion-filled gel based on whey protein isolate was investigated.Materials and Methods: Whey protein isolate (WPI) (98.9% protein, dry basis) was given as a gift by Agropur Ingredients Co. (Le Sueur, Minnesota, USA). k-Carrageenan and CaCl2 (m_w: 147.01 gr/mol) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. (USA) and Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany), respectively. Sunflower oil was bought from a local supermarket. Stock dispersions of WPI and k-Carrageenan were made by dissolving sufficient amounts of their powders in deionized water. To prepare uniform oil in water emulsion, sunflower oil was added to the WPI dispersion and the obtained mixture homogenized first using a laboratory rotor-stator homogenizer (15000 rpm, 3 min), then by an ultrasonic homogenizer (20 kHz, 5 min). The prepared emulsion and k-Carrageenan dispersions were poured into Schott bottles and heated in a water bath (90 C, 40 min). WPI emulsion and AG dispersion were mixed in a cylindrical container on a stirring plate at a speed of 600 rpm for 6-8 min to obtain a homogeneous mixture. After decreasing the temperature to 60 C for the ion-induced gelation, the mixtures were charged with CaCl2 (10 mM). The prepared samples were incubated in a refrigerator overnight to stabilize the 3D network. The final mixed EFG samples contained 5.5% WPI, 20% oil, and 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7% (w/w) of k-carrageenan. The tests performed on emulsion-filled gel samples were: 1) steady shear (0.01-10 s-1), 2) strain sweep (strain: 0.1-1000%, frequency: 1 Hz), 3) frequency sweep (frequency: 0.1-100 Hz, strain: 0.5%), 4) uniaxial compression (target strain: 80%, deformation speed:1 mm/s), and 5) water holding capacity (by utilizing a microcentrifuge, 600×g for 10 min).Results and Discussion: According to the steady shear test, all samples had a shear thinning behavior, and based on the power-law model, this behavior was intensified in the presence of k-Carrageenan; and with increasing the gum concentration from 0 to 0.7%, the consistency coefficient increased from 339.9 to 545.7 Pa.s. In the strain sweep test, with the increase in the gum concentration, the values of the elastic and viscous modulus in the linear region and the modulus at the crossover point increased, and Tan LVE decreased from 0.17 to 0.13, which indicated an increase in the strength of the emulsion gel network structure. Based on the frequency sweep test, with the increase in k-Carrageenan concentration, the parameters K^' and K^'', network strength and network expansion, respectively, increased from 5311.8 Pa, 939.9 Pa, 1.5380 Pa.s1/z and 10.05 in the control sample to 25080 Pa, 3574.9 Pa, 16097.7 Pa.s1/z and 16.41 in the sample containing 0.7% k-Carrageenan, respectively. Moreover, the frequency dependency of elastic modulus decreased from 0.095 in the control sample to 0.050 in the 0.7% k-Carrageenan contained sample. According to the large deformation test, in general, in the composite emulsion-filled gels, the values of apparent modulus of elasticity and fracture stress were higher and fracture strain and fracture energy were lower than in the control sample. Also, the results showed that different k-Carrageenan concentrations had no significant effect on the water holding capacity.The obtained results showed that k-Carrageenan had considerable influence on the rheo-mechanical features of cold-set emulsion-filled gels based on whey protein which can add to the knowledge base for the production of new functional foods.

Full Research Paper

The effect of edible coatings on the quality and storage life of cherry

Ali Akbar Shokouhian; Shahriyar Einizadeh; Mehrdad Dashti

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.81146.1236

Abstract

Introduction Cherry, with the scientific name Prunus avium L, is one of the most important stone fruit trees in temperate regions, belonging to the Rosaceae family and the Prunoideae subfamily. Edible coatings are thin layers of materials that are used on the surface of the product and are an alternative ... Read More Introduction Cherry, with the scientific name Prunus avium L, is one of the most important stone fruit trees in temperate regions, belonging to the Rosaceae family and the Prunoideae subfamily. Edible coatings are thin layers of materials that are used on the surface of the product and are an alternative to protective wax coatings. Chitosan is a coating that has a polysaccharide structure and is composed of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine units and is obtained from the shell of crustaceans such as crabs and shrimps. Clear, odorless, non-sticky gel with high and firm absorption power is extracted from the inner parts of aloe vera plant leaves. Between this gel and the outer skin of the leaf, there are special cells that contain a yellow liquid and when this liquid dries, aloe vera juice is produced. This gel is completely healthy and compatible with the environment, and its pH is about 4.5, which can replace various fruit coatings in the post-harvest stage. The purpose of this research was to investigate the combined effect of aloe vera gel and chitosan in maintaining the quality characteristics post harvesting and increasing the shelf life of Lombard cherry fruit.Materials and Methods Lambert black cherry fruit was obtained from the garden complex of Moghan Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Company located in Pars Abad city of Ardabil province. they were immediately transferred to the Postharvest Physiology Laboratory, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, for the desired treatments.This study aimed to extend the shelf life of cherry fruit with two edible chitosan coatings (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5% w/w) and Aloe Vera gel (0, 15%, 30%, 45% w/w) was performed as factorial in a completely randomized design in three replications. The measured parameters were soluble solids, vitamin C, total acidity, anthocyanin, starch, weight loss and firmness of fruit tissue that were evaluated at harvest time and 45 days after harvest.Results and Discussion The results of analysis variance showed that the effect of time had significant on cherry fruit flavor (P<0.01). The use of Aloe Vera gel had a significant effect (P<0.01) on soluble solids, starch, firmness, fruit flavor and also weight loss (P<0.05). The effect of chitosan treatment also were significant on total soluble solids, starch, firmness, and fruit flavor (P<0.01).Moreover, Interaction effect of Aloe Vera gel and chitosan treatments on total soluble solids, starch, firmness, and fruit flavor were significant (P<0.01) during at storage time. The compare means showed that the ratio of soluble sugars to total acid was increased. The highest soluble solids and their ratio to total acid were obtained as a result of the using of 45% Aloe Vera gel with 0.5% chitosan coating. Combining of Aloe Vera gel with 30% and 45% concentrations with chitosan at 1% and 1.5% were able to maintain better firmness of fruit tissue compared to other treatments during storage time.The highest residual starch in the fruit was obtained in using Aloe Vera gel treatments at concentrations of 15%, 40% and 45% with 1% chitosan during storage. Also, the use of Aloe Vera gel (all three levels) was exceled compared to control on fruit weight loss. By reducing the activity of ethylene, chitosan causes a delay in ripening and aging and as a result reduces the firmness of the fruit. The decrease in ethylene production in the fruit covered with aloe vera gel is a result of the change in the internal atmosphere, which includes an increase in CO2 and a decrease in O2. Aloe vera gel reduces the activity of pectin methylesterase, poly-galactronase and beta-galactosidase. These enzymes destroy the cell wall and soften the fruit.Conclusions As a general result of this research, it can be stated that Using the combination of chitosan treatment with 1.5% and aloe vera up to 45% has had a positive and significant effect on maintaining the quality of cherry fruit after harvesting and increasing its shelf life. Therefore, the use of these treatments is recommended to increase the shelf life of Lambert cherries.

Full Research Paper Food Technology

The effect of extrusion technology on the quality characteristics of gluten-free cookies Based on whole chickpea flour - xanthan gum - broken rice

Elnaz Milani; Zahra Dehghan; Neda Hashemi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.81819.1247

Abstract

Abstract:1 Introduction: Gastrointestinal diseases are very important among human societies, especially in developing countries. One of these diseases, celiac disease, is the result of the interference of gluten in food, the body's immune system, genetics and environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary ... Read More Abstract:1 Introduction: Gastrointestinal diseases are very important among human societies, especially in developing countries. One of these diseases, celiac disease, is the result of the interference of gluten in food, the body's immune system, genetics and environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a solution for the production of gluten-free products and also to improve their quality. The increase in the nutritional knowledge of the people of the society has caused the development and production of healthy food products for certain groups to have a growing trend. Baked products such as cookies are very popular among the society because of their textural characteristics as well as flavoring and attractive colors. Therefore, their enrichment is of interest. Most commercial gluten-free bakery products are based on pure starch or the combination of corn starch with gluten-free flour, which is associated with dryness and sandiness in the product. Materials and methods: The aim of this research wass to investigate the functional characteristics of non-extruded and extruded chickpea flour samples and then the effect of adding different levels of it at three levels of 0, 20 and 40% on physicochemical characteristics, textural characteristics, Lightness, porosity and sensory using completely randomized factorial design. The blend of chick pea flour- xanthan gum was extruded by a parallel twin-screw extruder (Jinan Saxin, China). Process was applied at die diameter of 3 mm, and extrusion temperature of 140 ℃. The chemical composition of raw materials was measured by standard AOAC (2000) methods. The hardness of cookies was measured using Texture Analyzer (TA plus Ametek, UK). The cylinder steel probe (2 mm diameter) was set to move at a speed of 1 mm/s The samples were punctured by the probe to a distance of 10 mm. The color parameters L* (lightness), a*(redness), b*(yellowness) values of the samples were determined by the Hunterlab machine (Reston VA, US) (Rhee et al, 2004). Water absorption index in terms of grams of bonded water was calculated by the sample. Sensory evaluation was performed using a 5-point hedonic test. Results and discussion: In general, gluten-free products are unable to store carbon dioxide gas due to the lack of a coherent and uniform gluten network, which causes an increase in volume. As a result, the product is small in volume and the structure of the crumb is compressed. The extrusion baking process had a high potential to improve cookie quality; In such a way that the addition of extruded chickpea flour increased the porosity of the cookie samples, the results of the texture analysis show that the addition of extruded chickpeas up to a minimum of 40% improved the texture of the cookie and also increased its shelf life. Also, the sensory test results showed the favorable effect of adding extruded chickpea flour up to 20%. concequently, by summarizing the results of physical and sensory tests, it was determined that cookies with appropriate sensory and quality characteristics can be produced using 40% of extruded chickpea flour. Peas, and especially extruded peas, due to their protein and dietary fiber content, high water absorption ability, while maintaining moisture, reduced the hardness of the cookie texture. Considering the increase in demand for gluten-free products, it seems that enriching these products with nutrients such as chickpea flour can be an alternative method to improve the nutritional value of these products. Adding legumes is a good way to increase the consumption of legumes, which are rich in the amino acid lysine. Legumes, especially pea seeds, have high nutritional value and functional characteristics, and including them in the diet by adding them to bakery products is a good way to increase their consumption. The use of chickpea flour as a nutrient source in cookie formulation increases the nutritional value, reduces the glycemic index and improves the variety of such products.

Full Research Paper Food Technology

Effect of hydrothermal/dry heating and particle sizes of rice flour on quality of gluten-free bread

Ali Hashemi; Jafar Milani; Ali Motamedzadegan; Sepide haghighat

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.82845.1263

Abstract

Introduction: Due to the low amount of prolamin, rice flour is the most suitable raw material for preparing food for patients with celiac disease. Particle size classification and thermal treatments are among the physical methods to improve the functional characteristics of gluten-free flours and as ... Read More Introduction: Due to the low amount of prolamin, rice flour is the most suitable raw material for preparing food for patients with celiac disease. Particle size classification and thermal treatments are among the physical methods to improve the functional characteristics of gluten-free flours and as a result, improve the quality of the products obtained from them. Particle size can increase the quality of gluten-free products by affecting the physicochemical properties of flour during hydration. Dry heat treatment and moist heat treatment are common techniques for physical modification which, depending on the intensity of temperature and storage time, lead to the improvement of gluten-free products by modifying starch grains, aroma, and flavor, and reducing microbial load. Considering that the effect of rice flour particle size on the quality of gluten-free bread has not been studied so far, in the current research, by dividing rice flour into particles with sizes of 180, 150, and 125 microns and using moist and dry heat treatment, it is possible to Improving the functional characteristics of rice flour and improving the quality characteristics of gluten-free bread were investigated. Materials and Methods: The content of moisture, pH, ash, and protein of rice flour was measured using AACC standard method (2000) and the total amount of starch was measured by the alkaline extraction method and the amount of starch damage was measured by non-enzymatic rapid method. To classify the size of the particles, waxy rice flour was divided by a shaker sieve with different sizes of 180, 150, and 125 microns, then under the influence of dry heat treatment for 2 hours and moist heat treatment with humidity, 25% for 5 hours at a temperature of 110 degrees. Celsius was placed. To produce gluten-free bread, the formulation used by Haghighat‐Kharazi in 2020 was used with a slight change. Ingredients for gluten-free bread formulation for 100 grams of rice flour included 125 ml of water, 4.5 grams of sugar, 2 grams of salt, 6 grams of vegetable oil, 3 grams of yeast, and 2 grams of xanthan gum. Bread tests, which include weight loss, specific volume, oven spring, Crumb crust ratio Shape index, porosity, crust and Crumb color, and bread texture analysis were studied to evaluate the quality of bread. Finally, the factorial test was used to investigate the effects of particle size and heat treatment of rice flour, and Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare the means at the 5% probability level.Results and Discussions: The results showed that the effect of particle size on weight loss, specific volume, oven spring, Crumb to crust ratio, crust, and Crumb color parameters, and bread texture was not significant (p>0.05). Regarding the sample volume index, C80 and DHT120 significantly had the lowest volume index (p<0.05). The HMT80-treated sample significantly increased the weight loss, and the moist heat-treated samples significantly increased the specific volume and the core to shell Crumb (p<0.05). In this study, the sample treated with HMT 120 had the highest volume index. moist heat treatment and dry heat significantly led to a decrease in brightness and an increase in the yellowness of the crust and Crumb of the bread compared to the control sample, but there was no change in the amount of redness (p<0.05). Moist heat treatment samples had the lowest hardness and Chewiness in this research compared to the control sample and the dry heat treatment sample. In general, the sample obtained from 125-micron particles and moist heat treatment led to the improvement of gluten-free bread quality.

Full Research Paper Food Biotechnology

Effect of antibacterial Salmonella bacteriophage in gelatin-pullulan-cellulose nanofiber film against Salmonella typhimurium

Asma Entezari; Nasser Sedaghat; Golshan Shakeri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.82253.1256

Abstract

Introduction: The main sources of Salmonella for humans are pork, beef, chicken, eggs, fruits, vegetables, and their derivatives such as mayonnaise, and peanut butter. Different species of Salmonella can adapt, grow or survive in different environmental conditions. Salmonella enterica is one of the main ... Read More Introduction: The main sources of Salmonella for humans are pork, beef, chicken, eggs, fruits, vegetables, and their derivatives such as mayonnaise, and peanut butter. Different species of Salmonella can adapt, grow or survive in different environmental conditions. Salmonella enterica is one of the main global agents caused by food in humans, and Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis serovars are the most prevalent. One strategy is to use active packaging to reduce the microbial load or prevent the growth of microorganisms on food. Antimicrobial active packaging has received much attention in recent years due to maintaining food quality and safety, and increasing shelf life. Among the antimicrobials used in the food industry, bacteriophages have a very good efficiency to control pathogenic bacteria. Pullulan has a good ability to form a film, its film has good characteristics such as transparency, odorlessness, tastelessness, solubility in water, and low permeability to oxygen and fat, but its problem is related to high price. The combination of polysaccharides with proteins has been done in order to improve the performance and reduce the costs of production films. Gelatin is a suitable option to combine with pullulan in terms of good mechanical properties, reduced permeability, and reasonable price. Different ratios of gelatin and pullulan were studied and suitable film selected, but it needed to modify, so nanofiber cellulose was added in order to improve the mechanical properties and water resistance, adding cellulose nano fiber can be a good and appropriate option. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of gelatin-pullulan-cellulose nanofiber antibacterial composite film containing bacteriophage against Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria at two different temperatures over time.Materials and Methods: 6 gr of each gelatin and pullulan were prepared separately and mixed with together at a ratio of 20 gelatin- 80 pullulan. Cellulose nanofiber was extracted from rice bran and were added at three different levels (1 %, 3 %, and 5 %). Commercial bacteriophage solution was added to each of the films separately and the films were prepared by molding method. Zone inhibitory of films containing different percentage of cellulose nanofibers on the agar media against Salmonella typhimurium (104 CFU/ml) were evaluated. As well as, antibacterial effect of selected film on the poultry meat inoculated to S. typhimurium (104 CFU/ml) and numbers of phages on the surface meat at different 4 and 12 temperatures during times were investigated. Results and Discussion: The results indicated that 20 gelatin- 80 pullulan films containing different percentages of cellulose nanofibers showed approximately 2 mm of zone inhibitory compare to the control film, but zone inhibitory among films at different percents of cellulose nanofiber did not observe significant change. The antibacterial effect on poultry meat was dependent on temperature, films loaded with bacteriophages at higher temperature (12 ) was more effective compared to lower temperature (4 ). The populations of S. Typhimurium were decreased 1 log and 0.7 log than control samples at 4 after 7 and 9 days, while at 12 , after 1 and 9 days decreased 1 log and around 2.55 log rather control samples, respectively. In a study, beef inoculated with salmonella bacteria was treated by SALMONELEXTM bacteriophage and resulted in decrease 1.29 log reduction of pathogen bacteria compared to the control sample (Yeh et al., 2017). In another study, the antibacterial effect of double-layer poly lactic acid/xanthan film at 10 °C compared to 4 °C against pathogenic bacteria of Salmonella and Listeria was different and at higher temperatures, the number of pathogenic bacteria decreased more (Radford et al., 2017). The number of phages decreased during times at both temperatures, as well as, their numbers did not significantly change at both temperatures. Kamali et al. (2022) displayed that the release of phages from the film of 30 poly lactic acid/70 whey protein to the meat surface after one hour was 63.22 % and 63.18 % at temperatures of 4 °C and 10 °C, respectively, which presents they did not have a significant difference, after one day at both temperatures.

Full Research Paper Food Technology

Investigating the physicochemical properties of functional cheese sauce powder containing date kernel extract and whey powder

Vahid Hakimzadeh; Fatemeh Ghorbanpour; Hassan Rashidi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.83169.1267

Abstract

Introduction: One of the relatively new dairy products is cheese sauce, which can increase the consumption of cheese per capita and replace unhealthy sauces. Functionality process by adding useful compounds to food while maintaining its appearance improves properties of foods. Nowadays, due to the importance ... Read More

Full Research Paper Food Engineering

Effect of Microwave Treatment on Physicochemical Characteristics and Efficiency of Sour Cherry Drying Process

Fakhreddin Salehi; Moein Inanloodoghouz; Sara Ghazvineh; Parisa Moradkhani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.83605.1272

Abstract

Introduction:Sour cherries (Prunus cerasus L.) are relatively diverse and broadly distributed around the world, being found in Asia, Europe, and North America. Sour cherries have unique anthocyanin content, and they are rich in phenolic compounds. The fruits are generally used for processing purposes, ... Read More Introduction:Sour cherries (Prunus cerasus L.) are relatively diverse and broadly distributed around the world, being found in Asia, Europe, and North America. Sour cherries have unique anthocyanin content, and they are rich in phenolic compounds. The fruits are generally used for processing purposes, such as for juice and jam. The fruits of sour cherries can also be frozen and dried. One of the best methods for the preservation of agricultural product is drying, which consists in removing water from the manufactured goods. Dried sour cherries have a long shelf life and therefore may be a fine alternative to fresh fruit all year round. There are no reports on the effect of microwave pretreatment on the hot air drying kinetics of sour cherries in the literature. Hence, the purpose of this study was to estimate the impacts of microwave pretreatment on the total phenol, drying time, mass transfer kinetic, effective moisture diffusivity, total color difference index, shrinkage and rehydration of sour cherry. In addition, the moisture ratio changes of sour cherry during drying were modeled.Material and methods:Sour cherries were purchased from the market at Bahar, Hamedan Province, Iran. The average diameter of fresh sour cherries was 1.6 cm. In this study, the water content of fresh and dried sour cherries was calculated using an oven at 103°C for 5 h (Shimaz, Iran). In this research, the effect of microwave time on the drying time, effective moisture diffusivity coefficient and rehydration of sour cherries were investigated and drying kinetics were modeled. To apply the microwave pretreatment on the sour cherries, a microwave oven (Gplus, Model; GMW-M425S.MIS00, Goldiran Industries Co., Iran) was used under atmospheric pressure. In this work, the influence of the microwave pretreatment time at five levels of 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 s (power=220W) on the cherries was examined. After leaving the treated sour cherries from microwave device, the samples in thin layers were placed in the hot-air dryer (with a temperature of 70°C). The dehydration kinetics of sour cherries has been explained using 7 simplified drying equations. Fick's second law of diffusion using spherical coordinates was used to calculate the moisture diffusivity of sour cherries at various hot-air drying conditions. The rehydration test was conducted with a water bath (R.J42, Pars Azma Co. , Iran). Dried sour cherries were weighed and immersed for 30 min in distillated water in a 250 ml glass beaker at 50°C.Results and discussion:The results showed that microwave treatment led to an increase in moisture removal rate from the sour cherries, an increase in the effective moisture diffusivity coefficient, and, consequently, a decrease in drying time. By increasing the microwave time from 0 to 12 s, the average drying time of sour cherries in the hot-air dryer was decreased from 370 min to 250 min (p<0.05). The average effective moisture diffusivity coefficient calculated for the samples placed in the hot-air dryer was 4.25×10-10 m2/s. Increasing the microwave time from 0 to 120 s increased the average effective moisture diffusivity coefficient by 85%. The maximum amount of phenol was related to the sample treated with microwave for 90 seconds. Microwave treatment time had no significant effect on the rehydration of dried sour cherries. Conclusion:Kinetic modeling of weight changes of sour cherries during drying was carried out using models in the sources, followed the Page model was selected as the best model to predict moisture ratio changes under the selected experimental conditions. The mean values of sum of squares due to error, root mean square error, and r for all samples ranged from 0.001 to 0.007, 0.005 to 0.017, and 0.997 to 0.999, respectively. Generally, 120 s pre-treatment by microwave is the best condition for drying sour cherries.

Full Research Paper Food Technology

comparison Astaxanthin extraction of Fenneropenaeus merguiensis and Pontogammarus maeoticus by using organic solvent ,sunflower oil and ionic liquid micro emulsion

Parisa Feizi; Yahya Maghsoudlou; Hoda Shahiri Tabarestani; Seyed Mahdi Jafari; Amir Bahri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.82949.1265

Abstract

Astaxanthin is a widely used carotenoid pigment in the food industry which is extracted from various natural and synthetic sources. This study focuses on comparison the extraction of astaxanthin under soaking conditions for 24 hours with organic solvent (combination of ethanol with ethyl acetate), green ... Read More Astaxanthin is a widely used carotenoid pigment in the food industry which is extracted from various natural and synthetic sources. This study focuses on comparison the extraction of astaxanthin under soaking conditions for 24 hours with organic solvent (combination of ethanol with ethyl acetate), green solvent (microemulsion of ionic liquid in water) and vegetable oil (sunflower oil) from shrimp (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis) and Gammarus (Pontogammarus maeoticus) . Ionic liquid microemulsion in water was considered as a new solvent for astaxanthin extraction. Determination of density, conductivity and diameter were the characteristics of microemulsion test. In extraction, 5x, 12.5x and 20x solvent ratios were used for the sample and compared with the control sample.The best method and conditions for astaxanthin extraction and the best source for extractionby using solvents and the highest amount of astaxanthin were determined and ratios of solvent to sample 5 times, 12.5 times and 20 times and in order to analyze the results and compare the average SPSS software was used , comparison based on highest amount of extracted astaxanthin was measured with a spectrophotometer. The content of total carotenoids, percentage of astaxanthin recovery, DPPH radical scavenging activity were other tests that were performed to check the extracted astaxanthin. According to the results, the density of the microemulsion was determined in the range of 0.97151 g/cm3, its diameter was 15.8 nanometers and the conductivity was 312 microsiemens at a temperature of 27.1 degrees Celsius. The results of astaxanthin extraction with different solvents in the comparison with control solvent were statistically significant (p < 0.05). According to the results obtained from the extraction of astaxanthin from two sourcesof shrimp and gammarus , shrimp was selected as the source with the highest amount of extracted astaxanthin. The use of green solvent (ionic liquid microemulsion in water) in a 12.5 times ratio of solvent to sample was also chosen as the optimal method. The amount of astaxanthin extracted under optimal conditions was 77.44 ± 1.09 mg/ml. The results of DPPH radical inhibition by astaxanthin extracted using ionic, oily and organic solvent compared to synthetic antioxidant BHT showed that antioxidant activity increases with increasing concentration of astaxanthin, but this increase was always lower than BHT.In general, the results of this research show that the use of microemulsion based on ionic liquids is a suitable alternative to conventional methods in extracting and recovering astaxanthin from natural biological sources.

Full Research Paper Food Technology

Improving the texture of shrimp nugget produced from surimi in combination with carrageenan, alginate and xanthan

Bahareh Shabanpour; Parastoo Pourashouri; Aniseh Jamshidi; Kaveh Rahmani farah; Akbar Vejdan Taleshmikaeil

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.83269.1268

Abstract

Introduction: In the present study, surimi was used in combination with different percentages of carrageenan, alginate and xanthan gums in order to simulate breaded shrimp and produce shrimp nugget with a texture similar to breaded shrimp. Materials and Methods: Shrimp nuggets were prepared from surimi ... Read More

Full Research Paper Food Technology

Optimization of Red Beet Color Extracted

Mahshad Lavarsetagh; Nafiseh Zamindar; Yasaman Esmaeili

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.81079.1235

Abstract

Color is the most important indicator of the quality of food that affects consumer acceptance. In order to replace the color lost during the process, increasing the existing color and minimizing variation during processing; natural colors, synthetic and inorganic colorants are added to the food. Red ... Read More

Full Research Paper Food Chemistry

Using microwave pretreatment in the enzymatic hydrolysis of pumpkin seed protein (Cucurbita maxima L.) by alcalase and investigating its antioxidant properties

Zeinab Nooshi Manjili; Alireza Sadeghi Mahoonak; Vahid Erfani Moghadam; Mohammad Ghorbani; Hoda Shahiri Tabarestani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.82861.1264

Abstract

IntroductionSeeds and nuts have received increasing attention due to their nutritional value and the high therapeutic properties of their bioactive compounds. Most of the seeds are used as nuts, and some of them are considered agricultural waste. Pumpkin seeds have a high content of protein (30–40% ... Read More IntroductionSeeds and nuts have received increasing attention due to their nutritional value and the high therapeutic properties of their bioactive compounds. Most of the seeds are used as nuts, and some of them are considered agricultural waste. Pumpkin seeds have a high content of protein (30–40% in terms of dry matter). Proteins are among the vital health-giving components that provide nitrogen, essential amino acids and energy needed by the body. Pumpkin seeds are a good source of amino acids such as valine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine and methionine. Protein hydrolysate is a mixture of peptides and amino acids that can show antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic and antihypertensive properties. During hydrolysis, proteins are broken into small peptides and amino acids. Since enzymatic hydrolysis is performed in relatively mild conditions and no amino acid damage occurs, this type of hydrolysis is preferred over acid and alkaline hydrolysis. Hydrolysates obtained from pumpkin seed protein have bioactive properties, especially antioxidant activity. Pretreatment of proteins before enzymatic hydrolysis works to improve the release of bioactive peptides from different proteins. Pretreatment causes the three-dimensional structure of the protein to open and helps increase the access of enzymes to peptide bonds. The main properties of microwaves usually show three characteristics: penetration, reflection and absorption. Enzymatic hydrolysis with the help of microwaves can shorten the time of enzymatic hydrolysis and improve the speed of the reaction. The purpose of this research is to investigate the antioxidant activity of pumpkin seed protein hydrolysates (Cucurbita maxima L.) by the alcalase enzyme in two conditions: without pretreatment and using microwave pretreatment.Material and methodsIn this study, Pumpkin fruit (Cucurbita maxima L.) was purchased from the local market of Astane Ashrafieh in Gilan province, and after separating the seeds manually, they were dried in an oven at 50°C for 72 hours. After the production of protein concentrate from pumpkin seeds, the chemical properties of the concentrate, such as the amount of fat, protein, ash and moisture, were measured. The isolated pumpkin seed solution was exposed to microwave energy with a power of 450–900 watts for 30–90 seconds and was used as a substrate solution in enzymatic hydrolysis experiments. It should be noted that after measuring the total antioxidant power for different powers and times of microwave pretreatment, the power of 600 watts was selected for 30 seconds and applied before enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis was done by the alcalase enzyme with a concentration of 0.5 to 2.5% compared to the protein substrate during a time period of 20 to 190 minutes, and the optimum temperature and pH of alcalase were determined in order to produce hydrolysates with antioxidant activity. Antioxidant power was measured by using DPPH free radical inhibition, total antioxidant activity and iron chelation activity methods.Result and discussionBioactive peptides produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins have significant antioxidant properties. Pumpkin seeds can be used as a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds in various food industries. The results showed that the maximum amount of antioxidant activity without pre-treatment was achieved in 165 minutes with a 2.2% ratio of E/S by using DPPH free radical scavenging activity (40.5%), total antioxidant power (0.79), and iron chelation activity (96.2%) methods. By using microwave pre-treatment, the maximum amount of antioxidant activity was achieved in a shorter time and with less enzyme (105 minutes and E/S ratio 1.5%) using DPPH free radical scavenging (52%), total antioxidant power (0.711), and iron chelation activity (93%). Therefore, it can be concluded that using enzymatic hydrolysis by microwave pre-treatment, in addition to achieving hydrolysates with proper antioxidant activity, is a suitable method to save time and reduce enzyme concentrations used in enzymatic hydrolysis.

Full Research Paper Food Technology

Effect of chitosan coating with different degrees of deacetylation on shelf life of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

Hoda Ghorbanzadeh; Jafar Milani; Ali Motamedzadegan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.85321.1293

Abstract

IntroductionWith the growth of the population and more demand for obtaining food and supplying the required food, the interest in the cultivation and consumption of edible mushrooms has increased. Since 1990, the world has focused on the mushroom production industry. In recent years, mushrooms have become ... Read More IntroductionWith the growth of the population and more demand for obtaining food and supplying the required food, the interest in the cultivation and consumption of edible mushrooms has increased. Since 1990, the world has focused on the mushroom production industry. In recent years, mushrooms have become one of the most important food and medicinal sources. One of the largest species of edible mushroom is button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), which has high nutritional and medicinal value. Button mushroom has high nutritional value due to the presence of things such as fiber, carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, etc., and it also has antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic properties. This food has shown good health properties for humans. The quality of button mushrooms is determined by their color, texture, and taste. Color is the first characteristic that is perceived by consumers. Browning is one of the main reasons for the loss of mushroom quality, which reduces the commercial value of mushrooms. One of the most used methods today is the use of edible coatings for perishable foods, these coatings almost prevent the penetration of oxygen, depending on the type of coating used, and reduce the loss of moisture during storage. Chitosan has functional characteristics such as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and as an edible film, it can be considered a very good carrier to be combined with antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.Materials and methodsTo make chitosan solutions, first, each type of chitosan (70% deacetylated, 80% deacetylated, 90% deacetylated, and 100% deacetylated) was weighed in amounts of 0.5g, 1g, and 2g. then it was dissolved in 100 ml of 0.5% acetic acid solution and stirred for 12 hours at a speed of 1000 rpm at room temperature to dissolve uniformly. After 12 hours, each sample It was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 6000 rpm at 25 °C to separate the undissolved material. Mushrooms were prepared freshly harvested, washed with water, and then excess moisture was removed. After sorting and screening in terms of size and approximate weight, the mushrooms were added to 0.5%, 1%, and 2% chitosan solutions without being sliced and were immersed in the solution for one minute. The control sample was immersed in 0.5% acetic acid solution for one minute. After that, the mushrooms were air-dried at room temperature for one hour, and at the end, their excess moisture was removed with a tissue. The mushrooms were placed in 18*14 size polyethylene zip-top bags and stored in a refrigerator at 4°C. The effects of chitosan coating on weight loss, mushroom color and browning index, enzyme activity, texture, and total phenolic compounds were studied.Results and discussionThe results indicated that in maintaining the amount of total phenol, controlling the peroxidase enzyme activity, the degree of firmness of the mushroom during storage and the amount of gumminess, the best treatment was chitosan with a deacetylation degree of 70%, while in controlling the weight loss, the activity of poly Phenol oxidase and sensory test, chitosan treatment with 100% and 90% deacetylation degree had better results, and in terms of browning index and texture, chitosan treatment with 80% deacetylation degree showed better performance. This study showed that the use of chitosan coating can be effective in maintaining the characteristics of edible mushrooms.ConclusionsThe spoilage of edible mushrooms happens in a short time, and the storage of mushrooms has become one of the most important things in mushroom production. Coating edible mushrooms is one of the suitable methods to increase the shelf life of edible mushrooms. In this research, chitosan with four degrees of deacetylation and three different concentrations was used as a coating for edible mushrooms. The results indicated that coating the mushroom with chitosan could delay the occurrence of spoilage and change its color or texture.

Research Article Food Technology

The effect of edible coating with alginate and Shirazi thyme essential oil on the qualitative characteristics of Indian jujube fruit (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) during storage

Aliehsadat Rafaathaghighi; Leila Jafari; abdolmajid Mirzaalian Dastjerdi; Farzin Abdollahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 February 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2024.85804.1301

Abstract

Indian jujube fruit (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) is a perishable tropical fruit with high nutritional value. In the present study, in order to increase their storage life, Indian jujube fruits were treated separately with alginate (Al) and Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) (0.5 and 1.0%), or in combination ... Read More

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